Methodology

Every score on this site is fully explainable. Here's exactly how we calculate it.

Data Sources

  • Net Worth: Forbes Billionaires list, Bloomberg Billionaires Index (publicly available data)
  • Charitable Giving: IRS Form 990 filings via ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer (free public database)
  • Foundation Data: IRS 990-PF filings, Charity Navigator ratings
  • Giving Pledge: Official Giving Pledge website (pledges are public)
  • Wealth Growth: Historical Forbes data, public company filings

What Counts as a Loophole

Not all "charitable" giving is equal. These structures are flagged as loopholes — either partially or fully — because they provide tax benefits without requiring genuine social benefit.

Donor-Advised Funds (DAFs)50% discount

The donor gets an immediate tax deduction but the money can sit in the fund indefinitely. The IRS imposes no minimum payout requirement. Funds often grow tax-free while society waits for the giving to happen.

Charitable LLCs100% excluded

Structures like the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative are LLCs, not 501(c)(3)s. They face no transparency requirements, no mandatory payout, and the donor retains full control of assets and investments. They are investment vehicles with a charitable marketing veneer.

Conservation Easements100% excluded

Easements on personal property are a well-documented IRS abuse. The donor retains full use of the land while claiming a deduction based on an inflated appraisal of what they 'gave up.' The Treasury and IRS have flagged these as abusive tax shelters.

Naming Rights Donations40% discount

Donating $400M to get a business school named after you provides personal commercial value — brand building, prestige, reputation management. A portion of the donation is attributed to this personal benefit and excluded from the genuine giving calculation.

Political 'Charity'80% excluded

501(c)(4)s and political foundations that advance the donor's business or political interests are not philanthropy. Americans for Prosperity, the Cato Institute, and similar organizations are primarily mechanisms for political influence, not social benefit.

Giving Pledge Signatures100% excluded (until actual transfer)

The Giving Pledge is a voluntary, non-binding commitment. Signing it costs nothing and carries no legal obligation. We give no credit for pledges — only for documented asset transfers.

Excessive Foundation OverheadProportional, above 20% threshold

Private foundations that spend more than 20% of expenses on administrative costs — especially family salaries and executive pay — are penalized proportionally. The IRS requires only 5% annual payout; foundations at exactly 5% receive an additional penalty.

Scoring Formula

Step 1: adjusted_giving = Σ (donation × genuine_fraction)

Step 2: giving_ratio = adjusted_giving / net_worth

Step 3: giving_component = 100 − log₁₀(ratio + 0.001) × 20 × (65%)

Step 4: quality_component = cause quality × (20%)

Step 5: wealth_penalty = (wealth_growth − giving_growth) / 10 × (15%)

Step 6: pledge_penalty = +5 if pledge signed but not honored

Greed Score = normalize(steps 3–6) to 0–100

Scores are normalized across all billionaires so the full 0–100 range is used. This means scores are relative — a score reflects how a billionaire compares to all others in the index, not an absolute giving threshold.

Cause Quality Multipliers

Not all giving has equal impact. We apply multipliers to account for the effectiveness and reach of different cause areas, based on GiveWell, WHO, and development economics research.

High Impact
1.2×
Global health, poverty, hunger, pandemic prevention, climate
Medium Impact
1.0×
Education, housing, criminal justice, mental health, veterans
Lower Impact
0.8×
Arts, elite universities, hospitals, religious organizations

Dispute & Update Process

If you believe a score is incorrect or have documentation of giving not reflected here, submit a correction via GitHub. All data is version-controlled and changes are documented with sources. We aim to respond within 14 days.

Entries marked "Estimated" use publicly reported figures but have not been directly verified against IRS filings. Entries marked "Verified" have been confirmed against Form 990 or official press releases.